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Kufotokozera mwachidule
Madzi amadzimadzi, monga momwe dzinalo limatanthawuzira, amadziwika ndi mphamvu yake yothamanga.Amasiyana ndi olimba chifukwa amavutika ndi deformation chifukwa cha kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, ngakhale kupsinjika kwa shear kungakhale kochepa. Chofunikira chokha ndichoti nthawi yokwanira iyenera kudutsa kuti deformation ichitike. M'lingaliro limeneli madzimadzi amakhala opanda mawonekedwe.
Madzi amatha kugawidwa muzamadzimadzi ndi mpweya. Madzi amangophwanyidwa pang'ono ndipo pali malo omasuka pamene aikidwa mu chotengera chotseguka. Kumbali inayi, gasi nthawi zonse amakula kuti adzaze chidebe chake. Nthunzi ndi mpweya womwe uli pafupi ndi madzi.
Madzi omwe injiniya amakhudzidwa nawo kwambiri ndi madzi. Itha kukhala ndi maperesenti atatu a mpweya munjira yomwe muzambiri za sub-atmospheric imatha kutulutsidwa. Izi ziyenera kuperekedwa popanga mapampu, ma valve, mapaipi, ndi zina.
Injini ya dizilo Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Drainage Pump Mtundu uwu wa mpope woyimirira wa ngalande umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popopa osadzimbiri, kutentha kosakwana 60 °C, zolimba zoyimitsidwa (kuphatikiza CHIKWANGWANI, grits) zosakwana 150 mg/L zimbudzi kapena madzi oipa. VTP mtundu ofukula ngalande mpope ali VTP mtundu ofukula madzi mapampu, ndipo pamaziko a kuwonjezeka ndi kolala, anapereka chubu mafuta kondomu ndi madzi. Imatha kusuta kutentha kwapansi pa 60 ° C, kutumiza kuti mukhale ndi njere zina zolimba (monga chitsulo chachitsulo ndi mchenga wabwino, malasha, ndi zina zotero) za zimbudzi kapena madzi oipa.
Zofunikira zazikulu zamadzimadzi zimafotokozedwa motere:
Kachulukidwe (ρ)
Kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi ndi kulemera kwake pa voliyumu ya unit. Mu dongosolo la SI amawonetsedwa ngati kg/m3.
Madzi ndi osalimba kwambiri 1000 kg/m3pa 4°C. Pali kuchepa pang'ono kwa kachulukidwe ndikuwonjezereka kutentha koma pazolinga zenizeni kachulukidwe ka madzi ndi 1000 kg/m.3.
Kachulukidwe kachulukidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe ka madzi ndi madzi.
Kulemera kwake (w)
Kuchuluka kwake kwamadzimadzi ndi kuchuluka kwake pa voliyumu ya unit. Mu Si system, imawonetsedwa mu N/m3. Pa kutentha kwabwino, w ndi 9810 N/m3kapena 9,81 kN/m3(pafupifupi 10 kN/m3 kuti muwerenge mosavuta).
Mphamvu yokoka (SG)
Mphamvu yokoka ya madzimadzi ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa voliyumu yamadzimadzi yoperekedwa ku unyinji wa voliyumu yofanana ya madzi. Chifukwa chake ndi chiŵerengero cha kachulukidwe ka madzimadzi ndi kachulukidwe ka madzi oyera, nthawi zonse pa 15 ° C.
Vacuum pompa ya priming well point
Nambala ya Model: TWP
TWP mndandanda wa Movable Diesel Injini yodzipangira yokha Pampu Yamadzi Yadzidzidzi yadzidzidzi idapangidwa ndi DRAKOS PUMP yaku Singapore ndi kampani ya REEOFLO yaku Germany. Pampu iyi imatha kunyamula mitundu yonse yaukhondo, osalowerera ndale komanso zowononga zomwe zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Konzani zolakwika zambiri zamapampu odzipangira okha. Pampu yamtunduwu yodzipangira yokha yapadera yowuma yowuma imakhala yoyambira yokha ndikuyambiranso popanda madzi poyambira koyamba, Mutu woyamwa ukhoza kukhala wopitilira 9 m; Mapangidwe abwino kwambiri a hydraulic komanso mawonekedwe apadera amasunga magwiridwe antchito kuposa 75%. Ndipo kuyika kosiyana kosiyanasiyana kosankha.
Ma module ambiri (k)
kapena zolinga zenizeni, zamadzimadzi zitha kuonedwa kuti sizingafanane. Komabe, pali zochitika zina, monga kuyenda kosasunthika m'mapaipi, kumene kuponderezana kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Modulus yochuluka ya elasticity,k, imaperekedwa ndi:
kumene p ndiko kuwonjezeka kwa kupanikizika komwe, kukagwiritsidwa ntchito ku voliyumu V, kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa voliyumu AV. Popeza kuchepa kwa voliyumu kuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe, equation 1 ikhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
kapena madzi, k ndi pafupifupi 2 150 MPa pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika koyenera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi amatha kuponderezedwa nthawi 100 kuposa chitsulo.
Madzi abwino
Madzi abwino kapena angwiro ndi amodzi omwe mulibe tangential kapena kukameta ubweya pakati pa tinthu tamadzimadzi. Mphamvuzo nthawi zonse zimagwira ntchito bwino pagawo ndipo zimangokhala ndi kukakamiza ndi mphamvu zothamanga. Palibe zamadzimadzi zenizeni zomwe zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, ndipo pamadzi onse omwe akuyenda pali zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo zomwe zimakhudza kuyenda. Komabe, zakumwa zina, kuphatikizapo madzi, zili pafupi ndi madzi abwino, ndipo kulingalira kosavuta kumeneku kumapangitsa njira zamasamu kapena zojambula kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pothana ndi mavuto ena otaya.
Pampu yamoto ya Turbine Yoyima
Nambala ya Model: XBC-VTP
XBC-VTP Series ofukula shaft moto kumenyana mapampu ndi mndandanda wa siteji imodzi, multistage diffusers mapampu, opangidwa mogwirizana ndi aposachedwa National Standard GB6245-2006. Tinawongolanso kamangidwe kake potengera muyezo wa United States Fire Protection Association. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka madzi amoto mu petrochemical, gasi, magetsi, nsalu za thonje, wharf, ndege, malo osungira, nyumba zokwera kwambiri ndi mafakitale ena. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa sitima, thanki ya m'nyanja, sitima yamoto ndi zina zoperekera.
Viscosity
Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi ndi muyeso wa kukana kwake kupsinjika kwa tangential kapena kukameta ubweya. Zimachokera ku kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mamolekyu amadzimadzi. Zamadzimadzi zonse zenizeni zimakhala ndi viscosity, ngakhale mosiyanasiyana. Kupanikizika kwa kumeta ubweya m'chinthu cholimba kumayenderana ndi kupsyinjika pamene kumeta ubweya mumadzimadzi kumayenderana ndi kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya.
Fig.1.Viscous deformation
Ganizirani zamadzimadzi zomwe zimakhala pakati pa mbale ziwiri zomwe zili patali pang'ono y (mkuyu 1). Mbali ya m'munsiyi imakhala yosasunthika pamene mbale yapamwamba ikuyenda pa velocity v. Kuyenda kwamadzimadzi kumaganiziridwa kuti kumachitika mumagulu ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono kapena laminae, omasuka kusuntha wina pamwamba pa mzake. Palibe kuwoloka kapena chipwirikiti. Wosanjikiza woyandikana ndi mbale yoyima ali pampumulo pomwe wosanjikiza woyandikana ndi mbaleyo amakhala ndi liwiro la v. Mlingo wa kumeta ubweya kapena kukwera kwa liwiro ndi dv/dy. Kukhuthala kwamphamvu kapena, mophweka, mamasukidwe akayendedwe μ amaperekedwa ndi
Ndicholinga choti:
Mawu awa a kupsinjika kwa viscous adalembedwa koyamba ndi Newton ndipo amadziwika kuti Newton's equation of viscosity. Pafupifupi madzi onse amakhala ndi coefficient of proportionality ndipo amatchedwa madzi a Newtonian.
Chithunzi 2. Kugwirizana pakati pa kumeta tsitsi ndi kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya.
Chithunzi 2 ndi chithunzi choyimira cha Equation 3 ndipo chikuwonetsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana a zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi pansi pa kumeta.
Viscosity imawonetsedwa mu centipoises (Pa.s kapena Ns/m2).
Pamavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi kuyenda kwamadzimadzi, kukhuthala kumawoneka ndi kachulukidwe mu mawonekedwe a μ/p (wodziyimira pawokha mphamvu) ndipo ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi v, otchedwa kinematic viscosity.
Mtengo wa ν pamafuta olemera ukhoza kukhala wokwera mpaka 900 x 10-6m2/ s, pamene madzi, omwe ali ndi viscosity yochepa, ndi 1,14 x 10?m2 / s okha pa 15 ° C. Kinematic viscosity yamadzimadzi imachepa ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Kutentha kwa chipinda, kukhuthala kwa kinematic kwa mpweya kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi 13 kuposa madzi.
Kuthamanga kwapamwamba ndi capillarity
Zindikirani:
Kugwirizana ndiko kukopa komwe mamolekyu ofanana ali nawo kwa wina ndi mzake.
Adhesion ndi chokopa chomwe mamolekyu osiyana amakhala nawo kwa wina ndi mzake.
Kupanikizika kwapamwamba ndi chinthu chakuthupi chomwe chimathandiza kuti dontho la madzi liyimitsidwe pampopi, chombo kuti chidzazidwe ndi madzi pang'ono pamwamba pa mlomo koma osataya kapena singano kuti iyandame pamwamba pa madzi. Zochitika zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa mamolekyu pamwamba pa madzi omwe amalumikizana ndi madzi kapena gasi wina wosawoneka bwino. Zili ngati kuti pamwamba pake pali nembanemba yotanuka, yokhazikika mofanana, yomwe nthawi zonse imadutsa pamwamba pake. Chifukwa chake timapeza kuti ming'oma ya mpweya mumadzimadzi ndi madontho a chinyezi mumlengalenga amakhala ozungulira mozungulira.
Mphamvu yamphamvu yapamtunda kudutsa mzere uliwonse wongoganizira pamtunda waulere ndi wolingana ndi kutalika kwa mzerewo ndipo imachita molunjika kwa izo. Kuthamanga kwapamtunda pa kutalika kwa unit kumawonetsedwa mu mN/m. Kukula kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri, kukhala pafupifupi 73 mN/m pamadzi okhudzana ndi mpweya kutentha. Pali kuchepa pang'ono pamtunda khumiipitirizani ndi kutentha kwakukulu.
Nthawi zambiri pama hydraulics, kugwedezeka kwapamtunda sikofunikira kwenikweni chifukwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi mphamvu za hydrostatic ndi dynamic. Kulimbana kwapamtunda kumakhala kofunikira kokha pamene pali malo aulere ndipo miyeso ya malire ndi yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake pankhani ya ma hydraulic models, zovuta zapamtunda, zomwe sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo pazachitsanzo, zitha kukhudza momwe mayendetsedwe amayendera muchitsanzo, ndipo gwero la zolakwika pakuyerekeza liyenera kuganiziridwa pakutanthauzira zotsatira.
Zovuta zapamtunda zimawonekera kwambiri pamachubu ang'onoang'ono otseguka kumlengalenga. Izi zitha kutenga mawonekedwe a machubu a manometer mu labotale kapena ma pores otseguka m'nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, kachubu kakang'ono ka galasi kamizidwa m'madzi, amapezeka kuti madzi amakwera mkati mwa chubu, monga momwe chithunzi 3 chikusonyezera.
Pamwamba pamadzi mu chubu, kapena meniscus monga momwe amatchulidwira, ndi concave mmwamba. Chodabwitsachi chimadziwika kuti capillarity, ndipo kukhudzana kwa tangential pakati pa madzi ndi galasi kumasonyeza kuti mgwirizano wamkati wa madzi ndi wocheperapo kusiyana ndi kumatira pakati pa madzi ndi galasi. Kuthamanga kwa madzi mkati mwa chubu moyandikana ndi malo omasuka ndi ocheperapo kuposa mumlengalenga.
Chithunzi 3. Capillarity
Mercury imachita mosiyana, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Chithunzi 3 (b) .Popeza mphamvu zogwirizanitsa zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mphamvu zogwirizanitsa, mbali ya kukhudzana ndi yaikulu ndipo meniscus imakhala ndi nkhope ya convex kumlengalenga ndipo ikuvutika maganizo. Kupanikizika koyandikana ndi malo omasuka kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa mlengalenga.
Zotsatira za capillarity mu manometers ndi magalasi a gauge zitha kupewedwa pogwiritsa ntchito machubu osachepera 10 mm m'mimba mwake.
Pampu Yamadzi Yam'nyanja ya Centrifugal
Nambala ya Model: ASN ASNV
Mapampu amtundu wa ASN ndi ASNV ali ndi gawo limodzi lokhalokha logawanika la volute casing casing centrifugal pampu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kayendedwe kamadzimadzi pa ntchito zamadzi, kuyendayenda kwa mpweya, nyumba, ulimi wothirira, kupopera ngalande, malo opangira magetsi, makina opangira madzi a mafakitale, kuzimitsa moto. dongosolo, sitima, zomangamanga ndi zina zotero.
Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi
Mamolekyu amadzimadzi omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira ya kinetic amapangidwa kuchokera m'thupi lamadzimadzi pamtunda wake waulere ndikudutsa munthunzi. Kupanikizika komwe kumachitika ndi nthunzi imeneyi kumadziwika kuti kuthamanga kwa nthunzi, P,. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa maselo ndipo motero kuwonjezeka kwa nthunzi ya nthunzi. Pamene nthunzi kuthamanga ndi wofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya pamwamba pake, madzi zithupsa. Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wa madzi pa 15°C ndi 1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).
Kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga
Kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga padziko lapansi kumayesedwa ndi barometer. Pamlingo wanyanja mphamvu ya mumlengalenga imakhala pafupifupi 101 kPa ndipo imakhazikika pamtengo uwu. Pali kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga ndi kutalika; Mwachitsanzo, pa 1 500m amachepetsedwa kufika 88 kPa. Chigawo chamadzi chofanana ndi kutalika kwa 10,3 m pamtunda wa nyanja, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa barometer yamadzi. Utali wake ndi wongoyerekeza, chifukwa mphamvu ya nthunzi ya madzi ingalepheretse kuti madzi asatuluke. Mercury ndi madzi apamwamba kwambiri a barometric, chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi yosasamala. Komanso, kachulukidwe ake okwera kumabweretsa mzati wa utali wololera - pafupifupi 0,75 m pamtunda wa nyanja.
Popeza zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakumana ndi ma hydraulics zimakhala pamwamba pa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndipo zimayesedwa ndi zida zomwe zimajambula mocheperapo, ndikosavuta kuwona kupanikizika kwa mumlengalenga ngati datum, mwachitsanzo ziro. Kupsyinjika kumatchedwa kupanikizika kwa gauge pamene pamwamba pa mlengalenga ndi vacuum pressures pamene ili pansi pake. Ngati kukakamizidwa kwenikweni kwa zero kumatengedwa ngati datum, zokakamiza zimanenedwa kuti ndizotheratu. Mu Chaputala 5 pomwe NPSH ikukambidwa, ziwerengero zonse zikufotokozedwa mumtheradi wamadzi a barometer, iesea level = 0 bar gauge = 1 bar absolute =101 kPa=10,3 m madzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-20-2024